Undergraduate Theses
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14578/5
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Item Strength analysis of bioplastic made from cardava banana peel starch reinforced with different chitin-based materialOrdaneza, Angel Mae C. (Davao del Sur State College, 2024-06)This study conducted to evaluate the flammability, biodegradability, and tensile strength of the bioplastic made from cardava banana peel starch and different chitin-based material. The experimental samples were laid in complete randomized design (CRD) with three treatments, namely; T1 (Commercial), T2 (Eggshell) and T3 (Golden Apple Snail Shell) and each was replicated three times. The data gathered was analyzed using One-way ANOVA and LSD at 5% level of significance. Based on the result, T3 has the highest mean flammability and biodegradability value of 3.35 mm/sec and 77.04% respectively, followed by T2 (3.09 mm/sec and 66.62%} and T1 (2.74% mm/sec and 20.39%) that has the lowest mean flammability and biodegradability value. Acid solubility results revealed that Treatment 1 has the highest acid solubility with the value of 7.53% followed by Treatment 2 with 6.8% and Treatment 3 with 5.76% that has the lowest acid solubility. In the tensile strength, Treatment 2 has the highest tensile strength with the value of 7.12074 MPa followed by T3 (6.8932 MPa) and T1 (5.87459 MPa) which has the lowest tensile strength value. The ANOVA results revealed that there's a highly significant difference in the flammability and biodegradability among the means of the three treatments. In general, the results revealed that different chitin-based materials (particularly eggshell and golden apple snail) and cardava banana peel starch can be used to make bioplastics given that they exceed the flammable standard, have excellent biodegradability, low solubility, and has high tensile strength. Furthermore, it is produced from waste materials, decreasing the threat of environmental pollution.Item Evaluation and processing of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) tubers as alternative sweetener and granulation contentsSedon, Rozelle (Davao del Sur State College, 2024-06)The study was conducted to develop a Yacon tuber food-grade granule sugar and determine brix level mineral content to produce an alternative sweetener. The study employed a completely randomized design with three treatments and three replications associated with determining the level of sugar in Yacon tubers. Treatment 1 with a physical color of Pale White and is considered as fresh Yacon tubers has a mean of 10.00 with a sugar concentration of 100 grams per liter while treatment 2 with a physical color of Yellow has been stored for 3 days has a mean of 14.00 and has a sugar concentration of 140 grams per liter. Treatment 3 with a physical color of Mild Orange has a mean ratio of 14.67 with a sugar concentration of 146.7 grams per liter. The study reveals that the physical color Yellow (Treatment 2) and Mild Orange (Treatment 3) has a significant difference in the level of sugar concentration of Yacon tubers as an alternative sweetener. The findings indicate that the level of brix content has a significant effect on the physical color of Yacon tubers according to the number of days of storage. Furthermore, treatment 3 has the highest sugar concentration among all treatments.Item Estimation of potato (Solanum tuberosum) evapotranspiration using blaney-criddle method in Sitio Gagpang, Brgy. Alegre, Bansalan, Davao del SurDico, Joshua Cedrick (Davao del Sur State College, 2024-01)This research study aimed to estimate potato (Solanum tuberosum) evapotranspiration using the Blaney-Criddle method in Sitio Gagpang, Brgy. Alegre, Bansalan, Davao del Sur. The study collected temperature data from February to April 2022 and computed the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop evapotranspiration (ETc) across different growth stages of the potato crop. Results show that the mean monthly temperature in the study area is suitable for potato planting, falling within the range of 15 to 20 C. The study also found that potato plants require significant water, and the computed ETo values of 5 mm/day, 4.98 mm/day, and 5.1 mm/day were within the range of water requirements for potato cultivation. Furthermore, the ETc of the potato crop varied across its growth stages, with the highest ETc in the reproductive stage. The findings can guide farmers in managing their irrigation practices and maximizing crop yields. Future studies may continue the investigation to the months beyond April or explore other irrigation systems that could be implemented in the study area. Overall, this study provides valuable information on potato crop evapotranspiration rates in Sitio Gagpang, Brgy. Alegre, Bansalan, Davao del Sur, and can aid in improving potato farming practices in the study area.Item Yield and quality analysis of bioethanol produced from waste coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) and sugarcane molasses under different fermentation conditionsRom, Ferly Jane N. (Davao del Sur State College, 2024-05)Bioethanol production involves materials containing sugar to be converted into alcohol. It is a process that requires fermentation, where active organisms are utilized to break down sugar and turns them into alcohol. The purpose of this study was to determine the ideal conditions in the fermentation of waste coconut water and sugarcane molasses with initial pH level between 4.0 - 5.0 for six days in order to produce good quality of bioethanol. the experimental samples were laid in complete randomized design (CRD) with three treatments, namely; T 1 (Aerobic), T2 (Anaerobic) and T3 (Aerobic-anaerobic) and each was replicated four times. The parameters assessed were pH level after fermentation, alcohol content (%), ethanol content (%) of the bioethanol. The gathered data was analyzed using One-way ANOVA and LSD at 5% level of significance. Based on the results, T3 obtained the highest mean pH level of 3.15 after fermentation and alcohol content of 1.6%, followed by T2 with a mean pH level of 3.0 and an alcohol content of 1.1%. T1 obtained the lowest mean pH level of 2.92 after fermentation and an alcohol content of 0.4%. The results revealed further that T3 produced highest percentage of ethanol content of 24.4% and yielding 2.8% bioethanol, followed by T2 obtaining 16.4% ethanol content and yielding 1.8% bioethanol. Lastly, T1 got the lowest ethanol content of 3.01% and yielding 1% bioethanol among the tree treatments. The ANOVA results revealed that there's a high significant difference in terms on the pH level after fermentation and alcohol content (%) among the means of the three treatments. Generally, based on the results, the researcher concludes that, T3 (Aerobic-anaerobic) is the most effective condition in the fermentation process of waste coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) and sugarcane molasses utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae for bioethanol production.Item Nutritional and sensory attributes of banana coffee produced from cavendish banana (Musa cavendishii) flesh at different maturity stageItang, Kris Caresza Kate C. (Davao del Sur State College, 2024-06)This study was conducted to utilized and process rejected cavendish banana fruits into coffee. Sensory evaluation (Aroma, Texture, Color, and General Acceptability), Nutritional Analysis (Protein, Fat, Fiber, Ash, and carbohydrates), and Microbial Analysis in terms of bacterial and fungi count were performed to assess the quality and characteristics of the banana coffee and were analyzed using T-test. In the overall rating, T2 got higher mean rating percentage of Aroma (3.26%), Texture (4.2%), Color (4.106%), and the General Acceptability parameter with 3.36%. For proximate analysis, T1 got higher content percentage in terms of protein (3.742%), Fiber (2.21%), and Ash (5.5%), and T2 for carbohydrates (86.8%) and Fat (5.6%). In microbial analysis, both treatments got equal bacterial count (total plate count) of <1.1 cfu/g however, T2 contained less yeast and molds count (fungi count) of 4.7 x 10 (2) cfu/g present in the composite sample. Based on the T-test result, only aroma difference was not statistically significant while texture, color, and general acceptability showed significant difference. Hence, this study still needs more modification in order to enhance the quality of processing cavendish banana into coffee.Item Physical characterization of coconut fruit (Cocos nucifera L.)Andallaza, Leamae B. (Davao del Sur State College, 2024-06)This study investigated the physical characteristics of Tacunan Green Dwarf (TACD) coconuts from a farm in Barangay Harada Butai, Padada, Davao del Sur. The farm spans 4 hectares, with 16-year-old trees grown at an elevation of 18 meters in clay soil. Farming practices involved fertilizer application and intercropping. Key parameters examined include major diameter, minor diameter, intermediate diameter, flesh thickness, shell thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, fruit weight, shell weight, husk weight, coconut water weight, and flesh weight. A Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was used to evaluate the data using three treatments: Young coconut fruits (Treatment 1), fairly mature coconut fruits (Treatment 2), and mature coconut fruits (Treatment 3). The physical characteristics of young, fairly mature, and mature coconut fruits differ significantly (p < 0.05) according to the results of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test. The mean major diameter (length) decreases as the coconut matures, wherein T1 had the highest value of 130.96 mm. T2 has the highest mean minor diameter of 116.17 mm and intermediate diameter of 117.48 mm. Flesh thickness was highest in T2 with 4.55 mm. The geometric mean diameter, sphericity, and surface area were also highest in T2, with values 119.66 mm, 0.94, and 45281.18 mm2, respectively, indicating optimal size and shape during the fairly mature stage. Weight components varied, with T2 having the highest mean fruit weight of 1075.32 g and water weight of 467.89 g, and T3 the highest flesh weight (384.82 g), while shell and husk weights were highest in T1, having values of 319.36 g and 2268.76 g respectively, and decreased with maturity. This study underscores the significant differences in the physical characteristics of coconut fruit across different maturity stages, providing essential insights into their growth and development patterns.Item Conductive effect of ferric chloride (FeCl3) on carbonized Chloris barbata Sw. stem via activation-carbonization-pyrolysis methodRetiza, Debie T. (Davao del Sur State College, 2024-05)This study was conducted to determine the conductive effect of ferric chloride (FeCl3) on carbonized Chloris barbata sw. stem via the activation-carbonization-pyrolysis method. The study was accomplished utilizing a Completely Randomized Design, which comprised five (5) treatments and three (3) replications. The activated carbon produced was made using C. barbata stem and ferric chloride (FeCl3) at different molar concentrations. Control -no FeCl3(T1), 1 molar concentration (T5). The study was carried out to determine the electrical conductivity, surface characteristics in terms of pore and elemental composition, surface area, and the cost analysis of the activated carbon. The data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA of variance at 1% and 5% significance levels, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Disperse X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and Fourier Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The results revealed that the electrical conductivity of all treatments was shown to be statistically highly significant. According to the findings, T5 (4 M) registered the highest electrical conductivity at 2677.06 x 10-6 μS/m. It was also found to display micropore structure and various organic and inorganic functionalities, register relatively low surface area, and more acceptable production cost per unit mass.Item Adsorption of methylene blue by magnetized achiote (Bixa orellana) pericarp ash: Effect of pH and kineticsArellano, Jeramay, M. (Davao del Sur State College, 2024-06)Wastewater management has long been a significant issue for society. In the Philippines, achiote pericarp is often considered an agricultural waste. It is typically left in open fields or burned in the open air near the trees where they are harvested. This study explores the potential use of this waste material (achiote pericarp ash, APA) in removing dye from liquid solutions. To improve the adsorption capacity of APA, it is necessary to incorporate Fe3O4 into it. This will enhance its ability to effectively adsorb Methylene blue solution. To address this, APA had been impregnated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles to produce magnetized APA (MAPA). The APA used in this study was sourced from the farmlands of J. P. Laurel Malungon, Sarangani, Philippines. An adsorption experiment was thoroughly conducted, investigating the effects of pH and kinetic changes. The MB adsorption process was found to fit with a pseudo-quadratic model, with maximum adsorption observed at pH 10. The identification of functional groups presents before and after magnetization was conducted using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Among theme were -OH (intramolecular H-bond), O=OH (phosphorus oxoacid), -CO-CH3 (ketone), -OH (primary alcohol), and -SiCl3 (silicon compounds). These findings encourage farmers to reuse agricultural waste as a valuable product. Future related research could investigate the use of a different dye color or another type of biomass. Ultimately, this investigation provides significant knowledge about the potential role of agricultural by-products for wastewater treatment processes.Item Automated misting and android-based monitoring system for oyster mushroom (Pleurotus SP.) productionCabrera, Cedie Vince E. (Davao del Sur State College, 2024-06)This study was conducted to maintain optimal temperature and humidity, which is crucial for oyster mushroom growth; otherwise, it could impede mushroom development. An automated misting and Android-based monitoring system was developed to address this challenge. Other studies have used an automated mister; however, system monitoring is unavailable. Davao del Sur State College mushroom facility relies entirely on environmental temperature and humidity. The findings are as follows: A DHT11 sensor was used to read the temperature and humidity within a 5cm range from the sensor, spray mist when the DHT11 sensor detects a temperature of 28 degrees celsius and 72% relative humidity, HC04 Ultra-Sonic Sensor is used for water refill automation when the water reaches 7cm away from it, display humidity, temperature, and water level at 5 second intervals, and generate a graph based on average temperature, humidity, and water level calculated per month. The result of the study contributes to the agricultural aspects, specifically in mushroom farming, hence decreasing the farmer's workload and increasing the harvest yield, farming automation, and academic research. The research outcome is a foundation for new studies leading to a better understanding of farming with a more enhanced system for a better farming yield.Item Android-based postharvest grading classification of cavendish banana using deep learning and internet of thingCaminade, Lilynn S. (Davao del Sur State College, 2024-06)This study is combined deep learning and the Internet of things, which used of microcontroller and android devices. An application and weight machine, may be risks of mistakes and consistent of grade classification result of image processing and difficulties in obtaining the weight value of the Cavendish banana. The Rapid Application Development is the help to established an application with weight measurements to capture images and classify the grade classification of the banana. The pretrained model using the teachable machine. The datasets gathered and captured the banana based on the postharvest grading classification: Class A, Class B, Cluster and Totally Reject. The android app is capable of captured image, classify the grading classification of the Cavendish banana with weight detected with the help of weight scale machine do perform and also the captured images and classify of the postharvest grading classification of the banana with weight measurement of the banana and displayed the information on the application. This study contributes to the modern-farming technology in the industries of agriculture and manufacturing to helps workers fasten the performance and productions and along with adapting new technology into agri-technology and also to the economy be more imports and exports globally and this study helps the agri-farming and plantation industries and in importing and exporting quality products globally.